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Ru lattice energy12/2/2023 ![]() Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. Indeed, ruthenium is most readily attacked by oxidizing agents. It is not attacked by acids (even aqua regia) but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis to give ruthenates ( RuO 2−Ĥ). Ruthenium has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at ambient conditions it oxidizes upon heating to 800 ☌ (1,070 K). This anomaly is observed in the neighboring metals niobium (41), molybdenum (42), and rhodium (45). Whereas all other group 8 elements have two electrons in the outermost shell, in ruthenium, the outermost shell has only one electron (the final electron is in a lower shell). Ruthenium, a polyvalent hard white metal, is a member of the platinum group and is in group 8 of the periodic table: Characteristics Physical properties Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. ![]() Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44.
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